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- <text id=90TT1759>
- <link 93AC0369>
- <link 90TT3315>
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- <link 90TT0956>
- <title>
- July 09, 1990: Cloudy Vistas For Big Science
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- July 09, 1990 Abortion's Most Wrenching Questions
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SPACE, Page 43
- Cloudy Vistas for Big Science
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>NASA's shuttle hopes spring a leak, and Hubble has eye trouble
- </p>
- <p>By Dick Thompson--With reporting by Jerry Hannifin/Washington
- </p>
- <p> For all its first-class expertise and glorious achievement
- in space technology, the U.S. has had more than a fair share
- of bad luck, not to say tragedy. Now the quality of that
- vaunted technology has become a serious question. Last week,
- in a period of just a few days, NASA discovered that its $1.5
- billion Hubble Space Telescope had been fitted with a faulty
- mirror and that a second of its three shuttles had sprung
- hydrogen leaks.
- </p>
- <p> Costly and frustrating as the shuttle problem is, NASA will
- be able to correct it with relative ease. The agency prudently
- grounded not only the two faulty spaceships but the third
- shuttle as well, until engineers are satisfied that the
- hydrogen fuel system is safe. This means a wholesale
- rescheduling of NASA's launch program and corresponding delays
- in realizing all of NASA's scientific and military objectives.
- </p>
- <p> The Hubble difficulty is quite something else. Unlike the
- shuttle, the telescope is unique. Moreover, it has already been
- launched and cannot be hauled back into the hangar for repairs.
- </p>
- <p> When Hubble was launched in April, NASA promised that it
- would see the ancient universe in startling clarity, but the
- discovery that one of the two mirrors that form the heart of
- its optics had been incorrectly manufactured served mainly to
- focus attention on the limits of high technology. The immediate
- result is that for all Hubble's tremendous cost, two of its
- most heralded advantages--the ability to distinguish very
- close objects and the knack for detecting faint light from the
- early universe--are lost. Said John Logsdon, director of the
- Space Policy Institute at George Washington University: "It's
- horrible."
- </p>
- <p> The visible starlight that Hubble is now able to collect and
- magnify is no better than that seen by landlocked
- observatories. It is impossible for Hubble to find a planet
- circling a distant star or detect a black hole at the center
- of a galaxy. At least 40% of the experiments planned for the
- telescope will have to be postponed until engineers can make
- lenses for the craft's instruments that will compensate for the
- mirror's flaw. Astronauts will then have to ride the shuttle
- into orbit and space walk to the telescope, where they will fit
- the new lenses. And getting those spectacles to Hubble may take
- three to six years.
- </p>
- <p> Hubble never had an easy time. After the launch, engineers
- had to fiddle with stubborn antennas that refused to extend.
- When the antennas were fixed, the messages that came back to
- Earth indicated that the spacecraft was wobbling: when it swung
- from darkness to sunlight, the sun's rays striking Hubble's
- cold solar panels produced a minor vibration that caused the
- spacecraft to oscillate slowly. This motion confused
- instruments that were built to such precision that they could
- read a license plate 48 km (30 miles) away. NASA software
- designers are now writing programs to counteract the
- oscillations so that the telescope tube can be held steady.
- </p>
- <p> Locating objects for the telescope has also been bothersome.
- An exhaustive catalog of guide stars was built into Hubble's
- computer memory, enabling it to identify both its position in
- space and the object of its interest. A programmer, however,
- failed to update the information properly, and for weeks Hubble
- was looking left when it should have been looking right. That
- too has been fixed with a software Band-Aid.
- </p>
- <p> Such shakedown glitches were perhaps to be expected, but the
- difficulties with Hubble's optics were not anticipated and have
- been devastating. The astonishing fact is that one of the two
- mirrors built by Perkin-Elmer Corp.--engineers do not know
- which one--was made to the wrong specifications. The mirror
- is either too high or too low by 4 microns, about 4% of the
- diameter of a human hair. Although tests could have detected
- this error on the ground, they either were never performed or
- failed. A government panel will investigate how the mistake was
- made, and the Senate has cranked up its own hearings.
- </p>
- <p> Fortunately, Hubble can still do work from space that no
- telescope can do from the ground. It can observe the universe's
- ultraviolet glow, a part of the spectrum of starlight that does
- not reach Earth, and it will be able to study the physics of
- stars. In addition, large objects, such as the giant red spot
- and polar caps of Jupiter, will be within Hubble's range.
- Administrators at the Space Telescope Institute in Baltimore
- are now scrambling to reassign observing time for those
- instruments that do not rely on the mirrors. Since requests from
- various scientific groups for Hubble's intelligence were ten
- times as great as the time available for observing, the
- telescope will still be used constantly.
- </p>
- <p> Even so, the latest hobbling of Hubble can only intensify
- arguments over the wisdom of funneling large portions of the
- nation's research budget into a few steeply expensive projects.
- President Bush's proposal to launch a moon-Mars mission has
- been stalled on Capitol Hill. Congress is uncomfortable with
- the $30 billion price tag for a proposed space station as well
- as with the planned $8 billion Superconducting Supercollider
- that will be built in Texas. "We're spending a disproportionate
- amount on big science," says California Congressman George
- Brown. "Any failure casts some discredit on the desirability
- of funding these big science projects." In the end, the saga
- of the cloudy mirrors and the leaky shuttles may yet reflect
- a clear resolution to a confounding question: How should the
- nation apportion its finite wealth in pursuit of scientific
- achievement?
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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